# This file is part of the pyMOR project (http://www.pymor.org).
# Copyright 2013-2019 pyMOR developers and contributors. All rights reserved.
# License: BSD 2-Clause License (http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause)
"""Module containing some constructions to obtain new operators from old ones."""
from functools import reduce
from itertools import chain
from numbers import Number
import numpy as np
import scipy.linalg as spla
from pymor.core.defaults import defaults
from pymor.core.exceptions import InversionError
from pymor.core.interfaces import ImmutableInterface
from pymor.operators.basic import OperatorBase
from pymor.operators.interfaces import OperatorInterface
from pymor.parameters.base import Parametric
from pymor.parameters.functionals import ConjugateParameterFunctional
from pymor.parameters.interfaces import ParameterFunctionalInterface
from pymor.vectorarrays.interfaces import VectorArrayInterface, VectorSpaceInterface
from pymor.vectorarrays.numpy import NumpyVectorSpace
[docs]class LincombOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Linear combination of arbitrary |Operators|.
This |Operator| represents a (possibly |Parameter| dependent)
linear combination of a given list of |Operators|.
Parameters
----------
operators
List of |Operators| whose linear combination is formed.
coefficients
A list of linear coefficients. A linear coefficient can
either be a fixed number or a |ParameterFunctional|.
solver_options
The |solver_options| for the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operators, coefficients, solver_options=None, name=None):
assert len(operators) > 0
assert len(operators) == len(coefficients)
assert all(isinstance(op, OperatorInterface) for op in operators)
assert all(isinstance(c, (ParameterFunctionalInterface, Number)) for c in coefficients)
assert all(op.source == operators[0].source for op in operators[1:])
assert all(op.range == operators[0].range for op in operators[1:])
operators = tuple(operators)
coefficients = tuple(coefficients)
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operators[0].source
self.range = operators[0].range
self.linear = all(op.linear for op in operators)
self.build_parameter_type(*chain(operators,
(f for f in coefficients if isinstance(f, ParameterFunctionalInterface))))
@property
def H(self):
options = {'inverse': self.solver_options.get('inverse_adjoint'),
'inverse_adjoint': self.solver_options.get('inverse')} if self.solver_options else None
return self.with_(operators=[op.H for op in self.operators], solver_options=options,
coefficients=[ConjugateParameterFunctional(c) if isinstance(c, ParameterFunctionalInterface)
else np.conj(c)
for c in self.coefficients],
name=self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def evaluate_coefficients(self, mu):
"""Compute the linear coefficients for a given |Parameter|.
Parameters
----------
mu
|Parameter| for which to compute the linear coefficients.
Returns
-------
List of linear coefficients.
"""
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
return [c.evaluate(mu) if hasattr(c, 'evaluate') else c for c in self.coefficients]
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
coeffs = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
R = self.operators[0].apply(U, mu=mu)
R.scal(coeffs[0])
for op, c in zip(self.operators[1:], coeffs[1:]):
R.axpy(c, op.apply(U, mu=mu))
return R
[docs] def apply2(self, V, U, mu=None):
coeffs = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
matrices = [op.apply2(V, U, mu=mu) for op in self.operators]
coeffs_dtype = reduce(np.promote_types, (type(c) for c in coeffs))
matrices_dtype = reduce(np.promote_types, (m.dtype for m in matrices))
common_dtype = np.promote_types(coeffs_dtype, matrices_dtype)
R = coeffs[0] * matrices[0]
if R.dtype != common_dtype:
R = R.astype(common_dtype)
for m, c in zip(matrices[1:], coeffs[1:]):
R += c * m
return R
[docs] def pairwise_apply2(self, V, U, mu=None):
coeffs = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
vectors = [op.pairwise_apply2(V, U, mu=mu) for op in self.operators]
coeffs_dtype = reduce(np.promote_types, (type(c) for c in coeffs))
vectors_dtype = reduce(np.promote_types, (v.dtype for v in vectors))
common_dtype = np.promote_types(coeffs_dtype, vectors_dtype)
R = coeffs[0] * vectors[0]
if R.dtype != common_dtype:
R = R.astype(common_dtype)
for v, c in zip(vectors[1:], coeffs[1:]):
R += c * v
return R
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
coeffs = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
R = self.operators[0].apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
R.scal(np.conj(coeffs[0]))
for op, c in zip(self.operators[1:], coeffs[1:]):
R.axpy(np.conj(c), op.apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu))
return R
[docs] def assemble(self, mu=None):
from pymor.algorithms.lincomb import assemble_lincomb
operators = tuple(op.assemble(mu) for op in self.operators)
coefficients = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
op = assemble_lincomb(operators, coefficients, solver_options=self.solver_options,
name=self.name + '_assembled')
if op:
return op
else:
if self.parametric or operators != self.operators:
return LincombOperator(operators, coefficients, solver_options=self.solver_options,
name=self.name + '_assembled')
else: # this can only happen when both operators and self.operators are tuples!
return self # avoid infinite recursion
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
from pymor.algorithms.lincomb import assemble_lincomb
if self.linear:
return self.assemble(mu)
jacobians = [op.jacobian(U, mu) for op in self.operators]
coefficients = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
options = self.solver_options.get('jacobian') if self.solver_options else None
jac = assemble_lincomb(jacobians, coefficients, solver_options=options,
name=self.name + '_jacobian')
if jac is None:
return LincombOperator(jacobians, coefficients, solver_options=options,
name=self.name + '_jacobian')
else:
return jac
[docs] def d_mu(self, component, index=()):
for op in self.operators:
if op.parametric:
raise NotImplementedError
derivative_coefficients = []
for coef in self.coefficients:
if isinstance(coef, Parametric):
derivative_coefficients.append(coef.d_mu(component, index))
else:
derivative_coefficients.append(0.)
return self.with_(coefficients=derivative_coefficients, name=self.name + '_d_mu')
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if len(self.operators) == 1:
if self.coefficients[0] == 0.:
if least_squares:
return self.source.zeros(len(V))
else:
raise InversionError
else:
U = self.operators[0].apply_inverse(V, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
U *= (1. / self.coefficients[0])
return U
else:
return super().apply_inverse(V, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if len(self.operators) == 1:
if self.coefficients[0] == 0.:
if least_squares:
return self.range.zeros(len(U))
else:
raise InversionError
else:
V = self.operators[0].apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
V *= (1. / self.coefficients[0])
return V
else:
return super().apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
def _as_array(self, source, mu):
coefficients = np.array(self.evaluate_coefficients(mu))
arrays = [op.as_source_array(mu) if source else op.as_range_array(mu) for op in self.operators]
R = arrays[0]
R.scal(coefficients[0])
for c, v in zip(coefficients[1:], arrays[1:]):
R.axpy(c, v)
return R
[docs] def as_range_array(self, mu=None):
return self._as_array(False, mu)
[docs] def as_source_array(self, mu=None):
return self._as_array(True, mu)
def _add_sub(self, other, sign):
if not isinstance(other, OperatorInterface):
return NotImplemented
if self.name != 'LincombOperator':
if isinstance(other, LincombOperator) and other.name == 'LincombOperator':
operators = (self,) + other.operators
coefficients = (1.,) + (other.coefficients if sign == 1. else tuple(-c for c in other.coefficients))
else:
operators, coefficients = (self, other), (1., sign)
elif isinstance(other, LincombOperator) and other.name == 'LincombOperator':
operators = self.operators + other.operators
coefficients = self.coefficients + (other.coefficients if sign == 1.
else tuple(-c for c in other.coefficients))
else:
operators, coefficients = self.operators + (other,), self.coefficients + (sign,)
return LincombOperator(operators, coefficients, solver_options=self.solver_options)
def _radd_sub(self, other, sign):
if not isinstance(other, OperatorInterface):
return NotImplemented
# note that 'other' can never be a LincombOperator
if self.name != 'LincombOperator':
operators, coefficients = (other, self), (1., sign)
else:
operators = (other,) + self.operators
coefficients = (1.,) + (self.coefficients if sign == 1. else tuple(-c for c in self.coefficients))
return LincombOperator(operators, coefficients, solver_options=other.solver_options)
[docs] def __add__(self, other):
return self._add_sub(other, 1.)
def __sub__(self, other):
return self._add_sub(other, -1.)
def __radd__(self, other):
return self._radd_sub(other, 1.)
def __rsub__(self, other):
return self._radd_sub(other, -1.)
[docs] def __mul__(self, other):
assert isinstance(other, (Number, ParameterFunctionalInterface))
if self.name != 'LincombOperator':
return LincombOperator((self,), (other,))
else:
return self.with_(coefficients=tuple(c * other for c in self.coefficients))
[docs]class Concatenation(OperatorBase):
"""|Operator| representing the concatenation of two |Operators|.
Parameters
----------
operators
Tuple of |Operators| to concatenate. `operators[-1]`
is the first applied operator, `operators[0]` is the last
applied operator.
solver_options
The |solver_options| for the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operators, solver_options=None, name=None):
assert all(isinstance(op, OperatorInterface) for op in operators)
assert all(operators[i].source == operators[i+1].range for i in range(len(operators)-1))
operators = tuple(operators)
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.build_parameter_type(*operators)
self.source = operators[-1].source
self.range = operators[0].range
self.linear = all(op.linear for op in operators)
@property
def H(self):
options = {'inverse': self.solver_options.get('inverse_adjoint'),
'inverse_adjoint': self.solver_options.get('inverse')} if self.solver_options else None
return type(self)(tuple(op.H for op in self.operators[::-1]), solver_options=options,
name=self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
for op in self.operators[::-1]:
U = op.apply(U, mu=mu)
return U
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
for op in self.operators:
V = op.apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
return V
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
assert len(U) == 1
Us = [U]
for op in self.operators[:0:-1]:
Us.append(op.apply(Us[-1], mu=mu))
options = self.solver_options.get('jacobian') if self.solver_options else None
return Concatenation(tuple(op.jacobian(U, mu=mu) for op, U in zip(self.operators, Us[::-1])),
solver_options=options, name=self.name + '_jacobian')
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
restricted_ops = []
for op in self.operators:
rop, dofs = op.restricted(dofs)
restricted_ops.append(rop)
return Concatenation(restricted_ops), dofs
[docs] def __matmul__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, OperatorInterface):
return NotImplemented
if self.name != 'Concatenation':
if isinstance(other, Concatenation) and other.name == 'Concatenation':
operators = (self,) + other.operators
else:
operators = (self, other)
elif isinstance(other, Concatenation) and other.name == 'Concatenation':
operators = self.operators + other.operators
else:
operators = self.operators + (other,)
return Concatenation(operators, solver_options=self.solver_options)
def __rmatmul__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, OperatorInterface):
return NotImplemented
# note that 'other' can never be a Concatenation
if self.name != 'Concatenation':
operators = (other, self)
else:
operators = (other,) + self.operators
return Concatenation(operators, solver_options=other.solver_options)
[docs]class LowRankOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Non-parametric low-rank operator.
Represents an operator of the form :math:`L C R^H` or
:math:`L C^{-1} R^H` where :math:`L` and :math:`R` are
|VectorArrays| of column vectors and :math:`C` a 2D |NumPy array|.
Parameters
----------
left
|VectorArray| representing :math:`L`.
core
|NumPy array| representing :math:`C`.
right
|VectorArray| representing :math:`R`.
inverted
Whether :math:`C` is inverted.
solver_options
The |solver_options| for the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, left, core, right, inverted=False, solver_options=None, name=None):
assert isinstance(left, VectorArrayInterface)
assert isinstance(right, VectorArrayInterface)
assert len(left) == len(right)
assert (isinstance(core, np.ndarray)
and core.ndim == 2
and core.shape[0] == core.shape[1] == len(left))
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = right.space
self.range = left.space
@property
def H(self):
options = {
'inverse': self.solver_options.get('inverse_adjoint'),
'inverse_adjoint': self.solver_options.get('inverse'),
} if self.solver_options else None
return type(self)(self.right,
self.core.T.conj(),
self.left,
inverted=self.inverted,
solver_options=options,
name=self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
V = self.right.dot(U)
if self.inverted:
V = spla.solve(self.core, V)
else:
V = self.core @ V
return self.left.lincomb(V.T)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
U = self.left.dot(V)
if self.inverted:
U = spla.solve(self.core.T.conj(), U)
else:
U = self.core.T.conj() @ U
return self.right.lincomb(U.T)
[docs]class LowRankUpdatedOperator(LincombOperator):
r"""|Operator| plus :class:`LowRankOperator`.
Represents a linear combination of an |Operator| and
:class:`LowRankOperator`. Uses the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula
in `apply_inverse` and `apply_inverse_adjoint`:
.. math::
\left(\alpha A + \beta L C R^H \right)^{-1}
& = \alpha^{-1} A^{-1}
- \alpha^{-1} \beta A^{-1} L C
\left(\alpha C + \beta C R^H A^{-1} L C \right)^{-1}
C R^H A^{-1}, \\
\left(\alpha A + \beta L C^{-1} R^H \right)^{-1}
& = \alpha^{-1} A^{-1}
- \alpha^{-1} \beta A^{-1} L
\left(\alpha C + \beta R^H A^{-1} L \right)^{-1}
R^H A^{-1}.
Parameters
----------
operator
|Operator|.
lr_operator
:class:`LowRankOperator`.
coeff
A linear coefficient for `operator`. Can either be a fixed
number or a |ParameterFunctional|.
lr_coeff
A linear coefficient for `lr_operator`. Can either be a fixed
number or a |ParameterFunctional|.
solver_options
The |solver_options| for the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operator, lr_operator, coeff, lr_coeff,
solver_options=None, name=None):
assert isinstance(lr_operator, LowRankOperator)
super().__init__([operator, lr_operator], [coeff, lr_coeff],
solver_options=solver_options, name=name)
self.__auto_init(locals())
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if least_squares:
return super().apply_inverse(V, mu=mu, least_squares=True)
A, LR = self.operators
L, C, R = LR.left, LR.core, LR.right
if not LR.inverted:
L = L.lincomb(C.T)
R = R.lincomb(C.conj())
alpha, beta = self.evaluate_coefficients(mu)
AinvV = A.apply_inverse(V)
AinvL = A.apply_inverse(L)
mat = alpha * C + beta * R.dot(AinvL)
RhAinvV = R.dot(AinvV)
U = AinvV
U.axpy(-beta, AinvL.lincomb(spla.solve(mat, RhAinvV).T))
U.scal(1 / alpha)
return U
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if least_squares:
return super().apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu, least_squares=True)
A, LR = self.operators
L, C, R = LR.left, LR.core, LR.right
if not LR.inverted:
L = L.lincomb(C.T)
R = R.lincomb(C.conj())
alpha, beta = (c.conjugate() for c in self.evaluate_coefficients(mu))
AinvhU = A.apply_inverse_adjoint(U)
AinvhR = A.apply_inverse_adjoint(R)
mat = alpha * C.T.conj() + beta * L.dot(AinvhR)
LhAinvhU = L.dot(AinvhU)
V = AinvhU
V.axpy(-beta, AinvhR.lincomb(spla.solve(mat, LhAinvhU).T))
V.scal(1 / alpha)
return V
[docs]class ComponentProjection(OperatorBase):
"""|Operator| representing the projection of a |VectorArray| onto some of its components.
Parameters
----------
components
List or 1D |NumPy array| of the indices of the vector
:meth:`~pymor.vectorarrays.interfaces.VectorArrayInterface.components` that are
to be extracted by the operator.
source
Source |VectorSpace| of the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, components, source, name=None):
assert all(0 <= c < source.dim for c in components)
components = np.array(components, dtype=np.int32)
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.range = NumpyVectorSpace(len(components))
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return self.range.make_array(U.dofs(self.components))
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
assert all(0 <= c < self.range.dim for c in dofs)
source_dofs = self.components[dofs]
return IdentityOperator(NumpyVectorSpace(len(source_dofs))), source_dofs
[docs]class IdentityOperator(OperatorBase):
"""The identity |Operator|.
In other words::
op.apply(U) == U
Parameters
----------
space
The |VectorSpace| the operator acts on.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, space, name=None):
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = self.range = space
@property
def H(self):
return self
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return U.copy()
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
return V.copy()
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert V in self.range
return V.copy()
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert U in self.source
return U.copy()
[docs] def assemble(self, mu=None):
return self
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
assert all(0 <= c < self.range.dim for c in dofs)
return IdentityOperator(NumpyVectorSpace(len(dofs))), dofs
[docs]class ConstantOperator(OperatorBase):
"""A constant |Operator| always returning the same vector.
Parameters
----------
value
A |VectorArray| of length 1 containing the vector which is
returned by the operator.
source
Source |VectorSpace| of the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = False
def __init__(self, value, source, name=None):
assert isinstance(value, VectorArrayInterface)
assert len(value) == 1
value = value.copy()
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.range = value.space
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return self.value[[0] * len(U)].copy()
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
assert len(U) == 1
return ZeroOperator(self.range, self.source, name=self.name + '_jacobian')
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
assert all(0 <= c < self.range.dim for c in dofs)
restricted_value = NumpyVectorSpace.make_array(self.value.dofs(dofs))
return ConstantOperator(restricted_value, NumpyVectorSpace(len(dofs))), dofs
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if not least_squares:
raise InversionError('ConstantOperator is not invertible.')
return self.source.zeros(len(V))
[docs]class ZeroOperator(OperatorBase):
"""The |Operator| which maps every vector to zero.
Parameters
----------
range
Range |VectorSpace| of the operator.
source
Source |VectorSpace| of the operator.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, range, source, name=None):
assert isinstance(range, VectorSpaceInterface)
assert isinstance(source, VectorSpaceInterface)
self.__auto_init(locals())
@property
def H(self):
return type(self)(self.source, self.range, name=self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return self.range.zeros(len(U))
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
return self.source.zeros(len(V))
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert V in self.range
if not least_squares:
raise InversionError
return self.source.zeros(len(V))
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert U in self.source
if not least_squares:
raise InversionError
return self.range.zeros(len(U))
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
assert all(0 <= c < self.range.dim for c in dofs)
return ZeroOperator(NumpyVectorSpace(len(dofs)), NumpyVectorSpace(0)), np.array([], dtype=np.int32)
[docs]class VectorArrayOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Wraps a |VectorArray| as an |Operator|.
If `adjoint` is `False`, the operator maps from `NumpyVectorSpace(len(array))`
to `array.space` by forming linear combinations of the vectors in the array
with given coefficient arrays.
If `adjoint == True`, the operator maps from `array.space` to
`NumpyVectorSpace(len(array))` by forming the inner products of the argument
with the vectors in the given array.
Parameters
----------
array
The |VectorArray| which is to be treated as an operator.
adjoint
See description above.
space_id
Id of the `source` (`range`) |VectorSpace| in case `adjoint` is
`False` (`True`).
name
The name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, array, adjoint=False, space_id=None, name=None):
array = array.copy()
self.__auto_init(locals())
if adjoint:
self.source = array.space
self.range = NumpyVectorSpace(len(array), space_id)
else:
self.source = NumpyVectorSpace(len(array), space_id)
self.range = array.space
@property
def H(self):
return VectorArrayOperator(self.array, not self.adjoint, self.space_id, self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
if not self.adjoint:
return self.array.lincomb(U.to_numpy())
else:
return self.range.make_array(self.array.dot(U).T)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
if not self.adjoint:
return self.source.make_array(self.array.dot(V).T)
else:
return self.array.lincomb(V.to_numpy())
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
adjoint_op = VectorArrayOperator(self.array, adjoint=not self.adjoint)
return adjoint_op.apply_inverse(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def as_range_array(self, mu=None):
if not self.adjoint:
return self.array.copy()
else:
return super().as_range_array(mu)
[docs] def as_source_array(self, mu=None):
if self.adjoint:
return self.array.copy()
else:
return super().as_source_array(mu)
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
assert all(0 <= c < self.range.dim for c in dofs)
if not self.adjoint:
restricted_value = NumpyVectorSpace.make_array(self.array.dofs(dofs))
return VectorArrayOperator(restricted_value, False), np.arange(self.source.dim, dtype=np.int32)
else:
raise NotImplementedError
[docs]class VectorOperator(VectorArrayOperator):
"""Wrap a vector as a vector-like |Operator|.
Given a vector `v` of dimension `d`, this class represents
the operator ::
op: R^1 ----> R^d
x |---> xâ‹…v
In particular::
VectorOperator(vector).as_range_array() == vector
Parameters
----------
vector
|VectorArray| of length 1 containing the vector `v`.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
source = NumpyVectorSpace(1)
def __init__(self, vector, name=None):
assert isinstance(vector, VectorArrayInterface)
assert len(vector) == 1
super().__init__(vector, adjoint=False, name=name)
self.vector = self.array # do not init with vector arg, as vector gets copied in VectorArrayOperator.__init__
[docs]class VectorFunctional(VectorArrayOperator):
"""Wrap a vector as a linear |Functional|.
Given a vector `v` of dimension `d`, this class represents
the functional ::
f: R^d ----> R^1
u |---> (u, v)
where `( , )` denotes the inner product given by `product`.
In particular, if `product` is `None` ::
VectorFunctional(vector).as_source_array() == vector.
If `product` is not none, we obtain ::
VectorFunctional(vector).as_source_array() == product.apply(vector).
Parameters
----------
vector
|VectorArray| of length 1 containing the vector `v`.
product
|Operator| representing the scalar product to use.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
range = NumpyVectorSpace(1)
def __init__(self, vector, product=None, name=None):
assert isinstance(vector, VectorArrayInterface)
assert len(vector) == 1
assert product is None or isinstance(product, OperatorInterface) and vector in product.source
if product is None:
super().__init__(vector, adjoint=True, name=name)
else:
super().__init__(product.apply(vector), adjoint=True, name=name)
self.vector = self.array # do not init with vector arg, as vector gets copied in VectorArrayOperator.__init__
self.product = product
[docs]class ProxyOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Forwards all interface calls to given |Operator|.
Mainly useful as base class for other |Operator| implementations.
Parameters
----------
operator
The |Operator| to wrap.
name
Name of the wrapping operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operator, name=None):
assert isinstance(operator, OperatorInterface)
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operator.source
self.range = operator.range
self.linear = operator.linear
self.build_parameter_type(operator)
@property
def H(self):
return self.with_(operator=self.operator.H, name=self.name + '_adjoint')
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
return self.operator.apply(U, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
return self.operator.apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
return self.operator.apply_inverse(V, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
return self.operator.apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
return self.operator.jacobian(U, mu=mu)
[docs] def restricted(self, dofs):
op, source_dofs = self.operator.restricted(dofs)
return self.with_(operator=op), source_dofs
[docs]class FixedParameterOperator(ProxyOperator):
"""Makes an |Operator| |Parameter|-independent by setting a fixed |Parameter|.
Parameters
----------
operator
The |Operator| to wrap.
mu
The fixed |Parameter| that will be fed to the
:meth:`~pymor.operators.interfaces.OperatorInterface.apply` method
(and related methods) of `operator`.
"""
def __init__(self, operator, mu=None, name=None):
super().__init__(operator, name)
assert operator.parse_parameter(mu) or True
self.mu = mu.copy()
self.build_parameter_type()
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
return self.operator.apply(U, mu=self.mu)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
return self.operator.apply_adjoint(V, mu=self.mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
return self.operator.apply_inverse(V, mu=self.mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
return self.operator.apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=self.mu, least_squares=least_squares)
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
return self.operator.jacobian(U, mu=self.mu)
[docs]class LinearOperator(ProxyOperator):
"""Mark the wrapped |Operator| to be linear."""
def __init__(self, operator, name=None):
super().__init__(operator, name)
self.linear = True
[docs]class AffineOperator(ProxyOperator):
"""Decompose an affine |Operator| into affine_shift and linear_part. """
def __init__(self, operator, name=None):
if operator.parametric:
raise NotImplementedError
super().__init__(operator, name)
self.affine_shift = ConstantOperator(operator.apply(operator.source.zeros()), source=operator.source)
self.linear_part = LinearOperator(operator - self.affine_shift, name=operator.name + '_linear_part')
[docs] def jacobian(self, U, mu=None):
return self.linear_part.jacobian(U, mu)
[docs]class InverseOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Represents the inverse of a given |Operator|.
Parameters
----------
operator
The |Operator| of which the inverse is formed.
name
If not `None`, name of the operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operator, name=None):
assert isinstance(operator, OperatorInterface)
name or operator.name + '_inverse'
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operator.range
self.range = operator.source
self.linear = operator.linear
self.build_parameter_type(operator)
@property
def H(self):
return InverseAdjointOperator(self.operator)
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return self.operator.apply_inverse(U, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
return self.operator.apply_inverse_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert V in self.range
return self.operator.apply(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert U in self.source
return self.operator.apply_adjoint(U, mu=mu)
[docs]class InverseAdjointOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Represents the inverse adjoint of a given |Operator|.
Parameters
----------
operator
The |Operator| of which the inverse adjoint is formed.
name
If not `None`, name of the operator.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, operator, name=None):
assert isinstance(operator, OperatorInterface)
assert operator.linear
name = name or operator.name + '_inverse_adjoint'
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operator.source
self.range = operator.range
self.build_parameter_type(operator)
@property
def H(self):
return InverseOperator(self.operator)
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
return self.operator.apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
return self.operator.apply_inverse(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert V in self.range
return self.operator.apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
assert U in self.source
return self.operator.apply(U, mu=mu)
[docs]class AdjointOperator(OperatorBase):
"""Represents the adjoint of a given linear |Operator|.
For a linear |Operator| `op` the adjoint `op^*` of `op` is given by::
(op^*(v), u)_s = (v, op(u))_r,
where `( , )_s` and `( , )_r` denote the inner products on the source
and range space of `op`. If two products are given by `P_s` and `P_r`, then::
op^*(v) = P_s^(-1) o op.H o P_r,
Thus, if `( , )_s` and `( , )_r` are the Euclidean inner products,
`op^*v` is simply given by application of the
:attr:adjoint <pymor.operators.interface.OperatorInterface.H>`
|Operator|.
Parameters
----------
operator
The |Operator| of which the adjoint is formed.
source_product
If not `None`, inner product |Operator| for the source |VectorSpace|
w.r.t. which to take the adjoint.
range_product
If not `None`, inner product |Operator| for the range |VectorSpace|
w.r.t. which to take the adjoint.
name
If not `None`, name of the operator.
with_apply_inverse
If `True`, provide own :meth:`~pymor.operators.interfaces.OperatorInterface.apply_inverse`
and :meth:`~pymor.operators.interfaces.OperatorInterface.apply_inverse_adjoint`
implementations by calling these methods on the given `operator`.
(Is set to `False` in the default implementation of
and :meth:`~pymor.operators.interfaces.OperatorInterface.apply_inverse_adjoint`.)
solver_options
When `with_apply_inverse` is `False`, the |solver_options| to use for
the `apply_inverse` default implementation.
"""
linear = True
def __init__(self, operator, source_product=None, range_product=None, name=None,
with_apply_inverse=True, solver_options=None):
assert isinstance(operator, OperatorInterface)
assert operator.linear
assert not with_apply_inverse or solver_options is None
name or operator.name + '_adjoint'
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operator.range
self.range = operator.source
self.build_parameter_type(operator)
@property
def H(self):
if not self.source_product and not self.range_product:
return self.operator
else:
options = {'inverse': self.solver_options.get('inverse_adjoint'),
'inverse_adjoint': self.solver_options.get('inverse')} if self.solver_options else None
return AdjointOperator(self.operator.H, source_product=self.range_product,
range_product=self.source_product, solver_options=options)
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
assert U in self.source
if self.range_product:
U = self.range_product.apply(U)
V = self.operator.apply_adjoint(U, mu=mu)
if self.source_product:
V = self.source_product.apply_inverse(V)
return V
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
assert V in self.range
if self.source_product:
V = self.source_product.apply_inverse(V)
U = self.operator.apply(V, mu=mu)
if self.range_product:
U = self.range_product.apply(U)
return U
[docs] def apply_inverse(self, V, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if not self.with_apply_inverse:
return super().apply_inverse(V, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
assert V in self.range
if self.source_product:
V = self.source_product(V)
U = self.operator.apply_inverse_adjoint(V, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
if self.range_product:
U = self.range_product.apply_inverse(U)
return U
[docs] def apply_inverse_adjoint(self, U, mu=None, least_squares=False):
if not self.with_apply_inverse:
return super().apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
assert U in self.source
if self.range_product:
U = self.range_product.apply_inverse(U)
V = self.operator.apply_inverse(U, mu=mu, least_squares=least_squares)
if self.source_product:
V = self.source_product.apply(V)
return V
[docs]class SelectionOperator(OperatorBase):
"""An |Operator| selected from a list of |Operators|.
`operators[i]` is used if `parameter_functional(mu)` is less or
equal than `boundaries[i]` and greater than `boundaries[i-1]`::
-infty ------- boundaries[i] ---------- boundaries[i+1] ------- infty
| |
--- operators[i] ---|---- operators[i+1] ----|---- operators[i+2]
| |
Parameters
----------
operators
List of |Operators| from which one |Operator| is
selected based on the given |Parameter|.
parameter_functional
The |ParameterFunctional| used for the selection of one |Operator|.
boundaries
The interval boundaries as defined above.
name
Name of the operator.
"""
def __init__(self, operators, parameter_functional, boundaries, name=None):
assert len(operators) > 0
assert len(boundaries) == len(operators) - 1
# check that boundaries are ascending:
for i in range(len(boundaries)-1):
assert boundaries[i] <= boundaries[i+1]
assert all(isinstance(op, OperatorInterface) for op in operators)
assert all(op.source == operators[0].source for op in operators[1:])
assert all(op.range == operators[0].range for op in operators[1:])
operators = tuple(operators)
boundaries = tuple(boundaries)
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.source = operators[0].source
self.range = operators[0].range
self.linear = all(op.linear for op in operators)
self.build_parameter_type(parameter_functional, *operators)
@property
def H(self):
return self.with_(operators=[op.H for op in self.operators],
name=self.name + '_adjoint')
def _get_operator_number(self, mu):
value = self.parameter_functional.evaluate(mu)
for i in range(len(self.boundaries)):
if self.boundaries[i] >= value:
return i
return len(self.boundaries)
[docs] def assemble(self, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
op = self.operators[self._get_operator_number(mu)]
return op.assemble(mu)
[docs] def apply(self, U, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
operator_number = self._get_operator_number(mu)
return self.operators[operator_number].apply(U, mu=mu)
[docs] def apply_adjoint(self, V, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
op = self.operators[self._get_operator_number(mu)]
return op.apply_adjoint(V, mu=mu)
[docs] def as_range_array(self, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
operator_number = self._get_operator_number(mu)
return self.operators[operator_number].as_range_array(mu=mu)
[docs] def as_source_array(self, mu=None):
mu = self.parse_parameter(mu)
operator_number = self._get_operator_number(mu)
return self.operators[operator_number].as_source_array(mu=mu)
[docs]@defaults('raise_negative', 'tol')
def induced_norm(product, raise_negative=True, tol=1e-10, name=None):
"""Obtain induced norm of an inner product.
The norm of the vectors in a |VectorArray| U is calculated by
calling ::
product.pairwise_apply2(U, U, mu=mu).
In addition, negative norm squares of absolute value smaller
than `tol` are clipped to `0`.
If `raise_negative` is `True`, a :exc:`ValueError` exception
is raised if there are negative norm squares of absolute value
larger than `tol`.
Parameters
----------
product
The inner product |Operator| for which the norm is to be
calculated.
raise_negative
If `True`, raise an exception if calculated norm is negative.
tol
See above.
name
optional, if None product's name is used
Returns
-------
norm
A function `norm(U, mu=None)` taking a |VectorArray| `U`
as input together with the |Parameter| `mu` which is
passed to the product.
"""
return InducedNorm(product, raise_negative, tol, name)
[docs]class InducedNorm(ImmutableInterface, Parametric):
"""Instantiated by :func:`induced_norm`. Do not use directly."""
def __init__(self, product, raise_negative, tol, name):
name = name or product.name
self.__auto_init(locals())
self.build_parameter_type(product)
[docs] def __call__(self, U, mu=None):
norm_squared = self.product.pairwise_apply2(U, U, mu=mu).real
if self.tol > 0:
norm_squared = np.where(np.logical_and(0 > norm_squared, norm_squared > - self.tol),
0, norm_squared)
if self.raise_negative and np.any(norm_squared < 0):
raise ValueError(f'norm is negative (square = {norm_squared})')
return np.sqrt(norm_squared)