pymor.operators.numpy

Operators based on NumPy arrays.

This module provides the following NumPy-based Operators:

• NumpyMatrixOperator wraps a 2D NumPy array as an Operator.

• NumpyMatrixBasedOperator should be used as base class for all Operators which assemble into a NumpyMatrixOperator.

• NumpyGenericOperator wraps an arbitrary Python function between NumPy arrays as an Operator.

• NumpyCirculantOperator matrix-free operator of a circulant matrix.

• NumpyToeplitzOperator matrix-free operator of a Toeplitz matrix.

• NumpyHankelOperator matrix-free operator of a Hankel matrix.

Module Contents

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyCirculantOperator(c, source_id=None, range_id=None, name=None)

Bases: pymor.operators.interface.Operator, pymor.core.cache.CacheableObject

Matrix-free representation of a (block) circulant matrix by a NumPy array.

A (block) circulant matrix is a special kind of (block) Toeplitz matrix which is (block) square and completely determined by its first (matrix-valued) column via

\[\begin{split}C = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 & c_n & c_{n-1} & \cdots & \cdots & c_2 \\ c_2 & c_1 & c_n & & & \vdots \\ c_3 & c_2 & \ddots & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & \ddots & c_n & c_{n-1} \\ \vdots & & & c_2 & c_1 & c_n \\ c_n & \cdots & \cdots & c_3 & c_2 & c_1 \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{C}^{n*p \times n*m},\end{split}\]

where the so-called circulant vector \(c \in \mathbb{C}^{\times n\times p\times m}\) denotes the first (matrix-valued) column of the matrix. The matrix \(C\) as seen above is not explicitly constructed, only c is stored. Efficient matrix-vector multiplications are realized with DFT in the class’ apply method. See [GVL13] Chapter 4.8.2. for details.

Parameters

c

The NumPy array of shape (n) or (n, p, m) that defines the circulant vector.

source_id

The id of the operator’s source VectorSpace.

range_id

The id of the operator’s range VectorSpace.

name

Name of the operator.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.

cache_region = 'memory'

linear = True

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyGenericOperator(mapping, adjoint_mapping=None, dim_source=1, dim_range=1, linear=False, parameters={}, source_id=None, range_id=None, solver_options=None, name=None)

Bases: pymor.operators.interface.Operator

Wraps an arbitrary Python function between NumPy arrays as an Operator.

Parameters

mapping

The function to wrap. If parameters is None, the function is of the form mapping(U) and is expected to be vectorized. In particular:

mapping(U).shape == U.shape[:-1] + (dim_range,).

If parameters is not None, the function has to have the signature mapping(U, mu).

adjoint_mapping

The adjoint function to wrap. If parameters is None, the function is of the form adjoint_mapping(U) and is expected to be vectorized. In particular:

adjoint_mapping(U).shape == U.shape[:-1] + (dim_source,).

If parameters is not None, the function has to have the signature adjoint_mapping(U, mu).

dim_source

Dimension of the operator’s source.

dim_range

Dimension of the operator’s range.

linear

Set to True if the provided mapping and adjoint_mapping are linear.

parameters

The Parameters the operator depends on.

solver_options

The solver_options for the operator.

name

Name of the operator.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyHankelOperator(c, r=None, source_id=None, range_id=None, name=None)

Bases: pymor.operators.interface.Operator

Matrix-free representation of a finite dimensional Hankel operator by a NumPy array.

A finite dimensional Hankel operator can be represented by a (block) matrix with constant anti-diagonals (anti-diagonal blocks), i.e.:

\[\begin{split}H = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 & c_2 & c_3 & \cdots & \cdots & r_1 \\ c_2 & c_3 & & & & \vdots \\ c_3 & & & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & & & r_{n-2} \\ \vdots & & & & r_{n-2} & r_{n-1} \\ c_m & \cdots & \cdots & r_{n-2} & r_{n-1} & r_n \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{C}^{n*p \times k*m},\end{split}\]

where \(c\in\mathbb{C}^{s\times p\times m}\) and \(r\in\mathbb{C}^{k\times p\times m}\) denote the first (matrix-valued) column and last (matrix-valued) row of the (block) Hankel matrix, respectively. The matrix \(H\) as seen above is not explicitly constructed, only the arrays c and r are stored. Efficient matrix-vector multiplications are realized with DFT in the class’ apply method (see [MSKC21] Algorithm 3.1. for details).

Parameters

c

The NumPy array of shape (n) or (n, p, m) that defines the first column of the (block) Hankel matrix.

r

The NumPy array of shape (k,) or (k, p, m) that defines the last row of the (block) Hankel matrix. If supplied, its first entry r[0] has to be equal to c[-1]. Defaults to None. If r is None, the behavior of scipy.linalg.hankel is mimicked which sets r to zero (except for the first entry).

source_id

The id of the operator’s source VectorSpace.

range_id

The id of the operator’s range VectorSpace.

name

Name of the operator.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.

linear = True

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyMatrixBasedOperator

Bases: pymor.operators.interface.Operator

Base class for operators which assemble into a NumpyMatrixOperator.

sparse

True if the operator assembles into a sparse matrix, False if the operator assembles into a dense matrix, None if unknown.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.
apply_inverse	Apply the inverse operator.
as_range_array	Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its range space.
as_source_array	Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its source space.
assemble	Assemble the operator for given parameter values.
export_matrix	Save the matrix of the operator to a file.

linear = True

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.

apply_inverse(V, mu=None, initial_guess=None, least_squares=False)

Apply the inverse operator.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the inverse operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the inverse operator.

initial_guess

VectorArray with the same length as V containing initial guesses for the solution. Some implementations of apply_inverse may ignore this parameter. If None a solver-dependent default is used.

least_squares

If True, solve the least squares problem:

u = argmin ||op(u) - v||_2.

Since for an invertible operator the least squares solution agrees with the result of the application of the inverse operator, setting this option should, in general, have no effect on the result for those operators. However, note that when no appropriate solver_options are set for the operator, most implementations will choose a least squares solver by default which may be undesirable.

Returns

VectorArray of the inverse operator evaluations.

Raises

InversionError

The operator could not be inverted.

as_range_array(mu=None)

Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its range space.

In the case of a linear operator with NumpyVectorSpace as source, this method returns for given parameter values mu a VectorArray V in the operator’s range, such that

V.lincomb(U.to_numpy()) == self.apply(U, mu)

for all VectorArrays U.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to return the VectorArray representation.

Returns

V

The VectorArray defined above.

as_source_array(mu=None)

Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its source space.

In the case of a linear operator with NumpyVectorSpace as range, this method returns for given parameter values mu a VectorArray V in the operator’s source, such that

self.range.make_array(V.inner(U).T) == self.apply(U, mu)

for all VectorArrays U.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to return the VectorArray representation.

Returns

V

The VectorArray defined above.

assemble(mu=None)

Assemble the operator for given parameter values.

The result of the method strongly depends on the given operator. For instance, a matrix-based operator will assemble its matrix, a LincombOperator will try to form the linear combination of its operators, whereas an arbitrary operator might simply return a FixedParameterOperator. The only assured property of the assembled operator is that it no longer depends on a Parameter.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to assemble the operator.

Returns

Parameter-independent, assembled Operator.

export_matrix(filename, matrix_name=None, output_format='matlab', mu=None)

Save the matrix of the operator to a file.

Parameters

filename

Name of output file.

matrix_name

The name, the output matrix is given. (Comment field is used in case of Matrix Market output_format.) If None, the Operator’s name is used.

output_format

Output file format. Either matlab or matrixmarket.

mu

The parameter values to assemble the to be exported matrix for.

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyMatrixOperator(matrix, source_id=None, range_id=None, solver_options=None, name=None)

Bases: NumpyMatrixBasedOperator

Wraps a 2D NumPy array or SciPy spmatrix as an Operator.

Note

In the case of a NumPy array, the apply_inverse method by default uses check_finite=True and check_cond=True. Setting them to False (e.g., via defaults) can significantly speed up the computation, especially for smaller matrices.

Parameters

matrix

The NumPy array or SciPy spmatrix which is to be wrapped.

source_id

The id of the operator’s source VectorSpace.

range_id

The id of the operator’s range VectorSpace.

solver_options

The solver_options for the operator.

name

Name of the operator.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.
apply_inverse	Apply the inverse operator.
apply_inverse_adjoint	Apply the inverse adjoint operator.
as_range_array	Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its range space.
as_source_array	Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its source space.
assemble	Assemble the operator for given parameter values.
from_file

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.

apply_inverse(V, mu=None, initial_guess=None, least_squares=False, check_finite=True, check_cond=True, default_sparse_solver_backend='scipy')

Apply the inverse operator.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the inverse operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the inverse operator.

initial_guess

VectorArray with the same length as V containing initial guesses for the solution. Some implementations of apply_inverse may ignore this parameter. If None a solver-dependent default is used.

least_squares

If True, solve the least squares problem:

u = argmin ||op(u) - v||_2.

Since for an invertible operator the least squares solution agrees with the result of the application of the inverse operator, setting this option should, in general, have no effect on the result for those operators. However, note that when no appropriate solver_options are set for the operator, most implementations will choose a least squares solver by default which may be undesirable.

check_finite

Test if solution only contains finite values.

check_cond

Check condition number in case the matrix is a NumPy array.

default_sparse_solver_backend

Default sparse solver backend to use (scipy, generic).

Returns

VectorArray of the inverse operator evaluations.

Raises

InversionError

The operator could not be inverted.

apply_inverse_adjoint(U, mu=None, initial_guess=None, least_squares=False)

Apply the inverse adjoint operator.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the inverse adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the inverse adjoint operator.

initial_guess

VectorArray with the same length as U containing initial guesses for the solution. Some implementations of apply_inverse_adjoint may ignore this parameter. If None a solver-dependent default is used.

least_squares

If True, solve the least squares problem:

v = argmin ||op^*(v) - u||_2.

Since for an invertible operator the least squares solution agrees with the result of the application of the inverse operator, setting this option should, in general, have no effect on the result for those operators. However, note that when no appropriate solver_options are set for the operator, most operator implementations will choose a least squares solver by default which may be undesirable.

Returns

VectorArray of the inverse adjoint operator evaluations.

Raises

InversionError

The operator could not be inverted.

as_range_array(mu=None)

Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its range space.

In the case of a linear operator with NumpyVectorSpace as source, this method returns for given parameter values mu a VectorArray V in the operator’s range, such that

V.lincomb(U.to_numpy()) == self.apply(U, mu)

for all VectorArrays U.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to return the VectorArray representation.

Returns

V

The VectorArray defined above.

as_source_array(mu=None)

Return a VectorArray representation of the operator in its source space.

In the case of a linear operator with NumpyVectorSpace as range, this method returns for given parameter values mu a VectorArray V in the operator’s source, such that

self.range.make_array(V.inner(U).T) == self.apply(U, mu)

for all VectorArrays U.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to return the VectorArray representation.

Returns

V

The VectorArray defined above.

assemble(mu=None)

Assemble the operator for given parameter values.

The result of the method strongly depends on the given operator. For instance, a matrix-based operator will assemble its matrix, a LincombOperator will try to form the linear combination of its operators, whereas an arbitrary operator might simply return a FixedParameterOperator. The only assured property of the assembled operator is that it no longer depends on a Parameter.

Parameters

mu

The parameter values for which to assemble the operator.

Returns

Parameter-independent, assembled Operator.

classmethod from_file(path, key=None, source_id=None, range_id=None, solver_options=None, name=None)

class pymor.operators.numpy.NumpyToeplitzOperator(c, r=None, source_id=None, range_id=None, name=None)

Bases: pymor.operators.interface.Operator

Matrix-free representation of a finite dimensional Toeplitz matrix by a NumPy array.

A finite dimensional Toeplitz operator can be represented by a (block) matrix with constant diagonals (diagonal blocks), i.e.:

\[\begin{split}T = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 & r_2 & r_3 & \cdots & \cdots & r_n \\ c_2 & c_1 & r_2 & & & \vdots \\ c_3 & c_2 & \ddots & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & \ddots & r_2 & r_3 \\ \vdots & & & c_2 & c_1 & r_2 \\ c_m & \cdots & \cdots & c_3 & c_2 & c_1 \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{C}^{n*p \times k*m},\end{split}\]

where \(c\in\mathbb{C}^{n\times p\times m}\) and \(r\in\mathbb{C}^{k\times p\times m}\) denote the first (matrix-valued) column and first (matrix-valued) row of the (block) Toeplitz matrix, respectively. The matrix \(T\) as seen above is not explicitly constructed, only the arrays c and r are stored. The operator’s apply method takes advantage of the fact that any (block) Toeplitz matrix can be embedded in a larger (block) circulant matrix to leverage efficient matrix-vector multiplications with DFT.

Parameters

c

The NumPy array of shape either (n) or (n, p, m) that defines the first column of the (block) Toeplitz matrix.

r

The NumPy array of shape (k,) or (k, p, m) that defines the first row of the Toeplitz matrix. If supplied, its first entry r[0] has to be equal to c[0]. Defaults to None. If r is None, the behavior of scipy.linalg.toeplitz is mimicked which sets r = c.conj() (except for the first entry).

source_id

The id of the operator’s source VectorSpace.

range_id

The id of the operator’s range VectorSpace.

name

Name of the operator.

Methods

apply	Apply the operator to a VectorArray.
apply_adjoint	Apply the adjoint operator.

linear = True

apply(U, mu=None)

Apply the operator to a VectorArray.

Parameters

U

VectorArray of vectors to which the operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to evaluate the operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the operator evaluations.

apply_adjoint(V, mu=None)

Apply the adjoint operator.

For any given linear Operator op, parameter values mu and VectorArrays U, V in the source resp. range we have:

op.apply_adjoint(V, mu).dot(U) == V.inner(op.apply(U, mu))

Thus, when op is represented by a matrix M, apply_adjoint is given by left-multiplication of (the complex conjugate of) M with V.

Parameters

V

VectorArray of vectors to which the adjoint operator is applied.

mu

The parameter values for which to apply the adjoint operator.

Returns

VectorArray of the adjoint operator evaluations.